A historical study of the educational and Propagating methods of Islam from the Mogul invasion to the rise of the Safavids (656-907 AH): with emphasis on the Shiite religion

Document Type : Scientific-Research Article

Authors

1 Professor of Culture and Communications, Department of Cultural Studies and Communications, Baqir al-Olum University, Qom, Iran.

2 آزاد

Abstract

Religious developments are one of the results and effects of the correct management of those in charge of propagation and education and the proper use of communication methods. The change of the minimal Shia population in Iran to the majority and preparation for the formation of the Safavid government with the official Shia religion are among these fundamental developments. In examining the factors of this evolution, the missionary and educational system and the methods used in this system have a special place. In this regard, with the help of communication science, the method of document research and historical data analysis, the researcher is looking for what and how the methods of Shiism spread from Ilkhanate to Safavid. In the investigation of the causes of this popular transformation, cultural factors have received more attention than others in this research. Among the cultural factors, educational and preaching methods used by Shia elders and scholars as messengers of the preaching system have been more noticed. This system is an integrated set of propaganda elements; Like the sender, the message, the methods of messaging and the receivers of the message, it is said that in interaction with each other, they make possible the propagation of a specific religious belief or statement. According to the findings of this research, the methods used from the second half of the 7th century to before the 10th century are things such as: teaching religious sciences based on the intellectual principles of Shiites, writing books with religious content, organizing lectures and scientific debates, performing religious and ritual ceremonies such as Ashura mourning. , Ghadir festival and waiting ceremony at the popular level, poetry and art tend towards the Shiite religion and the use of Shiite symbols in the architecture of holy places.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Holy Quran. (In Persian)
Afshar, Iraj (1374 AH). Yadgarhay Yazd, Tehran: An-Nahar va Mafakher al-Farhani. (In Persian)
Al-Harrani, Abu Mohammad al-Hasan ibn al-Hussein ibn Shu'bah (2015). Under the Minds of the Prophet's Family (PBUH), translated by Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Tehran: Islamic Bookstore. (In Persian)
Alviiri, Mohsen (2012). Cultural Life and Political Thought of the Shiites from the Fall of Baghdad to the Rise of the Safavids, Tehran: Imam Sadiq University (AS), 2nd. (In Persian)
Al-Wairi, Mohsen (2005). Cultural Life and Political Thought of the Shiites. Tehran: Imam Sadeq University. (In Persian)
Amin, Mohsen (1403 AH). Ayan al-Shi’a, Haqqa wa Akhreja Hasan al-Amin, Beirut: Dar al-Ta’rif al-Muta’s. (In Persian)
Behrouzi, Ali Naghi (2000). Historical Monuments and Works of Art of the Shiraz Plain from the Achaemenid Period to the Pahlavi Era, Shiraz: General Administration of Culture and Art of Fars Province, 115-119. (In Persian)
Blair, Sheila & Jonathan M. Bloom (1381 AH). Islamic Art and Architecture, Ardeshir Eshraqi, Tehran: Soroush. (In Persian)
Blokbashi, Ali (2004). Ta'ziyeh Khani: The Holy Hadith of the Disasters in Ritual Performance, Tehran: Amir Kabir Publishing Institute. (In Persian)
Brand, Barbara (1383 AH). Islamic Art, Mahnaz Shayesteffar, Tehran: Institute for Islamic Art Studies Publications. (In Persian)
Collection of Articles of the First National Conference on Iranology (2014). Anthropology and Culture, Vol. 1, Tehran: Iranology Foundation. (In Persian)
Fariyeh, R.W. (1995). Iranian Arts, Parviz Marzban, Tehran: Farzan Publishing and Research. (In Persian)
Firouzan, Mehdi (1981). The Secret of Religious Art, articles presented at the first international conference on religious art, Tehran: Soroush. (In Persian)
Forghani, Mohammad Mahdi (2013). An Introduction to Traditional Communication, Tehran, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Office of Media Studies and Development. (In Persian)
Hamadani, Rashid al-Din Fadlallah (1958 AH/1940 AD). Tarikh Mubarak Ghazani, edited by Karl Jan, Hertford: Stephen Austin. (In Persian)
Hamadani, Rashid al-Din Fadlallah (1994). Jame' al-Tawarik, edited by Mohammad Roshan and Mustafa Mousavi, Tehran: Alborz Publications. (In Persian)
Homayuni, Sadegh (2000). Ta'ziyyah in Iran, Shiraz: Navid Shiraz Publications. (In Persian)
Ibn Athir Jazari, Ali ibn Muhammad (1371 AH). The Great Complete History of Islam and Iran, translated by Abbas Khalili, Abul-Qasim Halat, Tehran: Scientific Press Institute. (In Persian)
Ibn Athir, Ali ibn Muhammad (1385 AH). The Complete History, Beirut: Dar Sader. (In Persian)
Ibn Battuta, Muhammad ibn Abdullah (1361 AH). The Travels of Ibn Battuta, translated by Muhammad Ali Movahed, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company. (In Persian)
Ibn Kathir al-Damashqi, Ismail ibn Omar (1407 AH). Al-Badayyah wa al-Nahiya, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. (In Persian)
Ibn Taqtaqi, Muhammad ibn Ali (1360 AH). The History of Fakhri in the Manners of Ownership and Islamic States, translated by Mujamd Vahid Golpayegani, Tehran: Translation and Publishing House. (In Persian)
Jafarian, Rasoul (2001). History of Shiism in Iran from the Beginning to the Tenth Century AH, Qom: Ansarian Publications. (In Persian)
Jafarian, Rasoul (2008). Shiite Atlas, Tehran: Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces. (In Persian)
Khan Mohammadi, Karim (2009). An Analysis of the Personal Communication Style of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), Islamic History Quarterly, Spring, (37), 37-66. (In Persian)
Khazaei, Mohammad (2009). Structure and Role of Themes of Schools of the Timurid Period in the Khorasan Region, Two Quarterly Scientific-Research Journals of Islamic Art Studies, Issue 11, pp. 59-78. (In Persian)
Khwandmir, Ghiyath-ud-Din bin Hammam-ud-Din (1380). Habib al-Sir fi Akhbar Bashar, Tehran: Khayyam. (In Persian)
Mammon, Parviz (1988). Ta'ziyyah from the Perspective of Western Theater (Ta'ziyyah Book of the Leading Native Art of Iran) Compiled by Petrchelkovsky, Translated by Davud Hatami, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications. (In Persian)
Modarresi Tabatabaei, Seyyed Hossein (2013). Torbat Pakan, Qom: Mehr, I. (In Persian)
Mortazavi, Manouchehr (1991). Issues of the Ilkhanate Era, Tehran: Agah. (In Persian)
Pavlovic-Petrovsky, Ilya (2009). Agriculture and Land Relations in Iran during the Mongol Era, Karim Keshavarz, Tehran: Nil Publications. (In Persian)
Qazvini, Abdul Jalil bin Abu al-Hussein (1979). Negation is known as some examples of the Modaresi Tabatabaei, Hossein, (1951). Torbat Pakan, Qom, Mehr Printing House. (In Persian)
Rafipour, Faramarz (1375). Society, Emotion, Music: An Attempt to Begin a Sociological Study of the Constructive and Destructive Effects of Music, Tehran: Joint Stock Publishing Company. (In Persian)
Sadr Hajj Seyyed Javadi...[and others], Ahmad (2014). Encyclopedia of Shiism, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications. (In Persian)
Safa, Zabihullah (1986). History of Literature, Tehran: University of Tehran.
Sharafkhani, Ahmad, Mohammad Mehrabi, Asghar Montazer-al-Qaem (1393). Imamzadeh, the manifestation of sacred art, collection of articles of the first international congress of Imamzadeh, Tehran: Publishing House. (In Persian)
Shariati, Ali (Bita). Alavi Shiism, Safavi Shiism, Tehran: Hosseinieh Ershad. (In Persian)
Shushtari, Qadi Noorallah (1998). Majalis al-Momenin, Tehran: Islamiyeh Bookstore. (In Persian)
Sorin, Werner & James Tankard (1381). Theories of Communication, translated by Alireza Dehghan, Tehran, University of Tehran, first edition. (In Persian)
Stanford, Michael (1385 AH). An Introduction to Historical Studies, translated by Masoud Sadeghi, Tehran: Samt va Dangah Imam Sadeghi. (In Persian)
Tehrani, Aghabozorg (1987). Al-Dhari'ah, Qom: Ismaili. (In Persian)
Vaez Kashfi, Mullah Hussein, (1979). Martyrs' Shrine, Qom: Islamiya. (In Persian)
Yekkekhani, Mehdi (2013). Social History of Iranian Shiites in the Timurid Period with Emphasis on Religious Customs and Traditions, Quarterly Journal of Culture Research, (13), 131-156. (In Persian)
Yousef Jamali, Mohammad Karim (1937). Life of Shah Ismail I, Kashan, Mohtashm, I. (In Persian)